Sociology

Institutional Strategic Initiatives

Undergraduate Students

Woodsworth College

Subheadline

The “insatiability of wants” has created a vicious cycle in which we sacrifice our leisure to work towards a seemingly infinite array of goods and experiences

Nothing comes for free. And these days, that includes our time.

It’s one of many ideas explored in “The Sociology of Free Time,” a University of Toronto course taught by Brent Berry, an associate professor in the department of sociology in the Faculty of Arts & Science.

The course highlights how, in a work-centric society, the combination of long hours, perceived material needs, digital dominance, managed play and more people living alone all take a toll on our free time – and can even make it feel more like work.

Brent Berry (supplied image)

“Everybody’s interested in ensuring that their free time is abundant, but also of good quality,” says Berry, a social demographer. “And ultimately, having the ability to choose how much you have and how you choose to spend it is a powerful form of status.”

In the course, students learn how free time has: changed over history (and not necessarily for the better); how it’s shaped by class, race and gender considerations; and how the “insatiability of wants” has created a vicious cycle in which we sacrifice our leisure to work toward a seemingly infinite array of goods and experiences.

The course also explores how leisure time is increasingly synonymous with screen time.

“Technology has a lot of promise for interactivity,” says Berry. “People are engaging in new ways. They’re becoming advocates and getting involved in social movements. But there are a lot of perils, too.”

Our lives are now dominated by personal algorithms that confirm biases and reduce our commitment to shared values. “That’s why everybody is at each other’s throats,” Berry adds. “Socialization doesn’t operate the way it used to.”

Raysha Khan, a fourth-year Woodsworth College student, grew up in a digital world but is uneasy about living in a society where so much free time is spent online.

“I thought this course would be very interesting and have a lot to say about my daily life, because my friends and I are always looking for ways to fill our free time with something other than scrolling on our phones and watching movies,” says Khan, who’s pursuing a double major in political science and sociology, with a minor in English.

She appreciates how the course traces the history of how one particular type of free time has been disappearing more than any other: the time we share with others.

“Social media might make you feel communicative,” Khan says, “but it doesn’t build a true connection. It also feels competitive, and can build self-doubt.”

Khan’s final research project examined the idea of how children in wealthier families are directed toward “skill-building leisure” from an early age, with after-school hours packed full of piano lessons, hockey, gymnastics and tutoring. This fosters competition, she says, because extra skills equip children with greater status than peers from lower-income households. “Teachers in elementary schools engage in conversations more with kids who participate in those activities. So that gives them early social advantages; they’re talking to the teachers more, and building up their social capital.”

Berry says adults’ spare time is dwindling, too. “There’s something going on in mass psychology that’s affecting the experiential quality of time,” he says. “Quiet contemplation, being bored and looking for inspiration: that’s simply not as common anymore.”

Free time is only appreciated when contrasted with unfree time. For example, Berry notes that people who aren’t able to work often feel more stressed rather than relaxed. Yet, one of the things that drew him to the subject of free time was economist John Maynard Keynes’ 1930 prediction that the reduction in employment caused by industrialization would be positive because of the abundance of leisure it would create.

“Keynes tried to make people feel comfortable with the dramatic changes that were happening in the economy by promising them a better future – abundant leisure and the end of scarcity.”

“[But] we built an economy around not providing for people’s needs, but their wants, which can never be satisfied and lead to other forms of scarcity. Keynes was correct in saying that the 'permanent problem' was how to live 'wisely and agreeably and well'. High levels of division and fragmentation in society today are tracible in part to ongoing changes as dramatic as industrialization – an attention economy driven by algorithmic media and online platforms that erode common ground needed for social cohesion."

More recently, some economists have suggested that artificial intelligence will similarly reduce employment while freeing up time. “We’re at the precipice of a similar kind of change,” says Berry. “But while AI might provide for our material needs, the insatiability of wants is still there. People will always seek something AI can’t provide.”

U of T undergrad helps develop database on Black health research

Christopher.Sorensen — Thu, 22 May 2025 15:50:24 +0000

U of T undergrad helps develop database on Black health research

Christopher.Sorensen Thu, 05/22/2025 - 11:50

Cutline

U of T Mississauga undergrad Rayshaun Whyte was one of several presenters who shared their research projects at the BRN Research Symposium (photo by Andy Jibb)

Tina Adamopoulos

Topic

Our Community

Black Research Network

Dalla Lana School of Public Health

Undergraduate Students

Subheadline

'I wanted to be part of something that didn’t just talk about these issues but actively worked to address the realities for Black people in the health-care system'

For Rayshaun Whyte, learning about challenges faced by Black Canadians in the health-care system wasn’t enough – she wanted to take action.

Whyte, a fifth-year undergraduate student at the University of Toronto Mississauga, is part of an interdisciplinary team of student researchers, faculty and librarians that is developing the Black Canadian Health Research Database – a resource designed to improve access to information on health-care outcomes, race and policy development.

“I wanted to be part of something that didn’t just talk about these issues but actively worked to address the realities for Black people in the health-care system,” says Whyte, who is majoring in psychology and anthropology with a minor in biology.

Expected to launch next year, the database will feature more than 200 academic and community-oriented materials, including journal articles, podcasts, infographics, newsletters and policy documents. It aims to fill a long-standing research gap on Black health in Canada, while remaining accessible to scholars, community members and advocacy groups.

Whyte recently presented key insights from the project during the poster sessions at a research symposium hosted by the Black Research Network, one of several U of T institutional strategic initiatives. The project is supported by the Black Research Network’s IGNITE Grant, awarded to Prentiss Dantzler, an associate professor of sociology in U of T’s Faculty of Arts & Science.

Whyte delivers a presentation about the Black Canadian Health Research Database (photo by Andy Jibb)

Led by UTM Library’s David Gerstle, a research services and liaison librarian, and Maria Ruiz, a reference and instruction librarian, the project’s current development phase includes gathering and categorizing materials. These resources will be searchable by keyword and topic. The database is also being designed to accommodate diverse language needs, accessibility requirements and learning styles – one of the key reasons for including materials in a variety of formats.

Student researchers from disciplines such as psychology, anthropology, geography, sustainability and medicine are contributing to the project. Whyte says this interdisciplinary approach opens broader conversations about health-care access and the social determinants of health.

“Race was the starting point, but health care and your experiences with its systems are also shaped by gender, sexuality and class,” Whyte says. “We wanted to reflect that intersectionality.

“We want this to be a community effort, and that doesn’t just mean academics or advocacy groups but for anyone who identifies as Black, Caribbean, Afro-Caribbean and Black Canadian.”

COVID-19 exacerbated racial inequities in Ontario’s prison system: Study

Christopher.Sorensen — Thu, 08 May 2025 13:00:03 +0000

COVID-19 exacerbated racial inequities in Ontario’s prison system: Study

Christopher.Sorensen Thu, 05/08/2025 - 09:00

Cutline

The Toronto South Detention Centre was among the prison facilities that experienced COVID-19 outbreaks in 2020, when Ontario released thousands of inmates to curb the spread of the virus (photo by Steve Russell/Toronto Star via Getty Images)

Topic

Racism

Temerty Faculty of Medicine

Subheadline

"The outcomes that we saw in terms of decarceration in many ways mirrored the inequalities that existed within our correctional and criminal justice systems"

A pandemic-era push to reduce Ontario’s prison population disproportionately benefited white inmates, new research shows, leaving Indigenous, Black and other racialized people more likely to remain behind bars – and deepening existing inequities in the province’s correctional system.

The study, published in the Lancet Regional Health – Americas, analysed data from nearly 149,000 adults incarcerated in Ontario’s provincial correctional facilities between 2015 and 2022, including the period in 2020 when the province released thousands of inmates to curb the spread of COVID-19.

The findings suggest that while all racial groups saw declines in incarceration during that period, the sharpest drop was among non-Indigenous white individuals. Indigenous, Black and other racialized inmates were less likely to be released, despite facing heightened health risks in custody.

Akwasi Owusu-Bempah (photo by Jim Rankin/Toronto Star via Getty Images)

“The outcomes that we saw in terms of decarceration in many ways mirrored the inequalities that existed within our correctional and criminal justice systems," says Akwasi Owusu-Bempah, an associate professor of sociology at the University of Toronto Mississauga and co-lead author of the study.

“We already had an overrepresentation of Black and Indigenous people, and those two groups did not benefit to the same extent as white people did from decarceration. It exacerbated those racial disparities.”

To assess the impact of pandemic-era decarceration by race and Indigenous identity, the researchers used administrative data collected by the Ontario Ministry of the Solicitor General. Upon admission, individuals self-identified their race and Indigenous status, allowing the team to track incarceration trends across different groups over time.

The analysis focused on four key indicators: the number of admissions, number of releases, the number of people in custody each month and total time spent in custody. Researchers concentrated on the changes after April 1, 2020, when emergency decarceration efforts began.

After these measures were implemented, the study found that the monthly risk of being in custody dropped by 30 per cent for non-Indigenous white people. For Indigenous, Black and other racialized groups, the drop was notably smaller – closer to 24 per cent.

A similar pattern emerged in the amount of time people spent in custody: the decline was steepest for white individuals, while racialized groups saw more modest reductions.

The researchers caution that missing data and opaque decision-making processes limit a full understanding of how release choices were made.

Owusu-Bempah says the findings point to long-standing systemic issues – including mandatory minimum sentences and bail practices – that contribute to the disproportionate incarceration of people who are Black or Indigenous.

The stakes during COVID-19 were especially high. Correctional facilities faced significant outbreaks in the early months of the pandemic, and people in custody were at elevated risk due to overcrowded conditions, limited access to health care and high rates of chronic illness.

The pandemic, Owusu-Bempah says, not only highlighted the cracks in the system, but also raised broader questions about who should be behind bars in the first place.

“We know diversion can work,” he says, pointing to programs that offer community-based support for people who’ve been charged with, or convicted of, certain offences. “We need to expand community-based alternatives and build a justice system that truly serves all communities.”

Co-led by Owusu-Bempah and Fiona Kouyoumdjian of McMaster University, the study’s authors include U of T researchers Nina Lamberti of the Dalla Lana School of Public Health and Beverley Osei of the Temerty Faculty of Medicine, as well as contributors from several other Canadian universities, the Native Women’s Association of Canada and independent consultants.

U of T ranked among top 10 universities globally in five subjects: ShanghaiRanking Consultancy

Christopher.Sorensen — Mon, 18 Nov 2024 20:30:13 +0000

U of T ranked among top 10 universities globally in five subjects: ShanghaiRanking Consultancy

Christopher.Sorensen Mon, 11/18/2024 - 15:30

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(photo by Matthew Dochstader/Paradox Images)

Mariam Matti

Topic

Global Lens

Dalla Lana School of Public Health

Rotman School of Management

Global

Meric Gertler

Rankings

Shanghai Ranking Consultancy

Institutional Strategic Initiative

The University of Toronto has placed among the top 10 universities globally in five subjects – sociology (2^nd), medical technology (5^th), public health (7^th), finance (8^th) and management (10^th) – in the latest ShanghaiRanking Consultancy rankings by subject.

U of T also ranked in the top 100 globally in 42 subjects in the Global Ranking of Academic Subjects 2024, released last week – a feat matched only by the University of Michigan.

Among Canadian universities, U of T ranked first in 27 subjects. That’s more than any other institution.

“The University of Toronto’s performance in the latest Shanghai subject rankings underscores our academic excellence across an extremely broad range of fields,” said U of T President Meric Gertler.

“These results are a testament to the talent and dedication of our world-leading researchers and scholars.”

More than 1,900 universities across 96 countries and regions are listed in the 2024 edition of the Shanghai subject rankings, which cover 55 subjects across natural sciences, engineering, life sciences, medical sciences and social sciences.

This year, the methodology was updated with four new indicators, increasing the total to nine. The new evaluation criteria include the number of faculty who are: recipients of significant awards, chief editors of academic journals, leaders in international academic organizations and considered highly cited researchers.

Existing criteria continue to assess research output, quality and influence, international collaboration and other academic awards.

Of the 55 subject areas covered by the rankings, U of T ranked in the top 50 globally in 28 subjects and in the top 25 globally in 21 subjects.

The updated methodology resulted in significant changes for U of T in several subjects, including 25 where U of T moved up the rankings. Notable gains included: chemistry, which moved into 37^th place from outside the top 50; political science, which climbed 23 spots to 18^th; biology, which rose 12 spots to 21^st; human biology, which rose 12 spots to 24^th; and computer science, which climbed seven places to 17^th. U of T declined in 18 subjects and remain unchanged in 5 subjects.

The ShanghaiRanking Consultancy also produces the influential Academic Ranking of World Universities, the most recent edition of which ranked U of T as Canada’s top university and 26^th in the world.

Overall, U of T continues to be the highest-ranked Canadian university and one of the top-ranked public universities in the five most closely watched international rankings: Times Higher Education’s World University Rankings, QS World University Rankings, ShanghaiRanking Consultancy’s Academic Ranking of World Universities, U.S. News & World Report’s Best Global Universities and National Taiwan University World University Rankings.

U of T sociologist explores perceptions of street safety in urban and rural communities

Christopher.Sorensen — Fri, 12 Jan 2024 16:21:05 +0000

U of T sociologist explores perceptions of street safety in urban and rural communities

Christopher.Sorensen Fri, 01/12/2024 - 11:21

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(photo by Daniel Tadevosyan/Shutterstock)

Tina Adamopoulos

Topic

Our Community

Black Research Network

Subheadline

With a focus on the Halifax area, Timothy Bryan says his research challenges the notion that cities are dangerous while rural spaces are peaceful and quiet

Crime is often perceived as an urban phenomenon whereas rural life is viewed as more bucolic – but Timothy Bryan is putting these ideas to the test.

An assistant professor in the department of sociology at University of Toronto Mississauga, Bryan analyzes how urban and rural residents perceive and imagine street safety.

“Often, criminological research has assumed certain things about crime. Crime is often perceived as something that happens in urban areas,” says Bryan, whose research revolves around the policing of hate crime and criminal justice reform in Canada.

“What this project wants to do is to disrupt some of those binaries that assume that urban spaces are always spaces of danger and that rural spaces are somehow these peaceful, quiet spaces.”

He is currently focused on the Halifax area, where two recent events have largely shaped the view of public safety. The first is the April 2020 mass shooting that left 22 people dead in rural Nova Scotia, sparking an inquiry into the RCMP’s efforts to keep residents safe.

The other event was increased scrutiny of street checks that disproportionally targeted African Nova Scotian residents. A March 2019 study by Scot Wortley, a professor at U of T’s Centre for Criminology & Sociolegal Studies, showed that Black residents were six times more likely to be street checked in the Halifax area compared to white residents.

Bryan travelled to Halifax last year to interview residents about their feelings on street safety and policing. He was supported by an IGNITE grant from the Black Research Network, a U of T institutional strategic initiative.

“On the back of these two events, what I found was that many residents were rethinking their relationship with police,” Bryan says, adding many had previously reported a positive relationship with police or had no negative relationships with police.

“But recent events actually started to have residents think differently about whether police were capable of keeping them safe, whether police wanted to keep them safe, or whether the presence of police was even a sign of safety.”

The Wortley report ultimately made 53 recommendations focused on street checks, data collection and police-community relations. In October 2019, street checks were permanently banned in Nova Scotia.

Another element of Bryan’s project will use a combination of participant-produced drawings of street scenes and interviews to address questions about street safety and how police contribute to these perceptions.

He says the exercise not only helps him gain a deeper understanding of the perceptions of urban and rural spaces, it also asks participants to explain what they would change to make their neighbourhoods safer.

“I’m hoping that the images not only provide a method of getting at the data and people’s responses,” he says, “but become a kind of artifact in themselves as a kind of snapshot of how it is that people are coming to understand where they live, how they live and perhaps what they want changed about the areas within it.”

He is currently completing about 40 interviews with participants in Halifax and developing those responses into an academic publication. He hopes to present preliminary findings at research conferences.

U of T sociologist explores homecare workers' capacity to avoid coercive labour conditions

Christopher.Sorensen — Wed, 22 Nov 2023 15:00:55 +0000

U of T sociologist explores homecare workers' capacity to avoid coercive labour conditions

Christopher.Sorensen Wed, 11/22/2023 - 10:00

Cutline

(photo by Vecteezy)

U of T Mississauga staff

Topic

Breaking Research

Global

United States

Subheadline

Researchers examined the impact of California’s in-home support service program on homecare providers' ability to advocate for themselves

How much power do homecare workers have to resist being exploited by their employers?

For Asian women working in this occupation in California, the answer is shaped by several factors, including filial obligations, cultural traditions, language barriers, economic status, state employment regulations, labour unions, immigrant organizations and disability rights groups.

Cynthia Cranford, a professor of sociology at the University of Toronto Mississauga, examines this complex subject in a new study published in Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society.

Cynthia Cranford (supplied image)

Cranford joined scholars from the University of California, Florida Atlantic University and Brown University to analyze how the inequalities of gender, race, class and immigration shape these workers’ ability to refuse coercive labour conditions.

Their investigation, funded by a Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council Partnership Grant, also examined the role of California’s in-home support service (IHSS) state-funded care program in enabling and inhibiting self-advocacy by care providers.

“The state, in the design of its program, opens the door for homecare workers to slip into servitude,” says Cranford, author of the 2020 book Home Care Fault Lines: Understanding Tensions and Creating Alliances. “How can they collectivize and access supports within their community to navigate these situations?”

The situations to which Cranford is referring were illuminated through interviews with 60 homecare providers. They include:

Being expected to work unpaid overtime and serve members of their family
Being subjected to verbal abuse
Being accused of stealing
Having food thrown at them.

The interviews were arranged with the help of the Service Employees International Union (SEIU) and three partnering community organizations: Asian Immigrant Women Advocates, the Filipino American Services Group and the Pilipino Workers Center of Southern California.

As Cranford notes, the IHSS program in California, which employs more than 500,000 homecare providers, stands out as a model in the U.S. for empowering homecare workers who are members of the SEIU with the right to engage in collective bargaining for fair wages and benefits.

Yet, the authors note the union limits its interventions in cases of homecare worker mistreatment. Due to concessions it has made to disability rights groups, it does not engage in workplace strikes that could jeopardize the health and well-being of people who need continuous care.

As well, they write, the IHSS program grants employers full autonomy over the hiring, firing and supervising of homecare workers, taking a “hands-off approach to regulating employment conditions in homecare,” which leaves workers vulnerable to inhumane treatment.

The IHSS program allows for spouses, parents, children and other relatives to be paid care providers. While it is beneficial for a relative to be paid for work that they might normally perform for free out of a sense of family duty, Cranford and her colleagues found that family dynamics often contribute to a sense of “unfreedom” since they create expectations to perform extra tasks beyond their paid hours, and threats of firing for non-compliance.

This issue is exacerbated by California’s insufficient resourcing of the program, they say, as those who receive care often need funding for more care hours than allotted by the program. Other mitigating factors include the ethno-cultural expectation of female servitude among older care receivers, and the financial precariousness and limited English proficiency of some care providers.

Yet, as the authors note, many of the homecare workers they interviewed found ways to respond to their dilemmas of servitude. Taking advantage of what few supports their union offers, they have engaged in grassroots community organizing to cultivate group solidarity among homecare workers, sought help when facing unreasonable demands at work in order to improve working conditions and sometimes resorted to blacklisting abusive employers.

Some also connected with local immigrant organizations to help advocate for their rights.

“These women are confronting servitude in multiple ways, and when they have collective support from their unions and other community groups, they are capable of confronting it,” Cranford says.

Search for missing and murdered Indigenous women and girls hampered by police apathy: Researchers

Christopher.Sorensen — Mon, 05 Jun 2023 14:58:49 +0000

Search for missing and murdered Indigenous women and girls hampered by police apathy: Researchers

Christopher.Sorensen Mon, 06/05/2023 - 10:58

Cutline

Participants walk in the Women's Memorial March in Vancouver to remember missing and murdered Indigenous women and girls (photo by Liang Sen/Xinhua via Getty Images)

Truth and Reconciliation

Women

Subheadline

'The problem of Indigenous women being overpoliced and underprotected is all across Canada'

Content warning: the following contains disturbing subject matter.

In Canada, research shows Indigenous women are 400 per cent more likely than other Canadians to go missing. The problem is so pervasive that the Canadian government does not know how many Indigenous women are missing or have been murdered. Estimates suggest that around 4,000 Indigenous women and girls and 600 Indigenous men and boys have gone missing or been murdered between 1956 and 2016.

To identify the barriers faced when searching for missing and murdered friends and family, Jerry Flores, an associate professor of sociology at the University of Toronto Mississauga, and graduate student Andrea Román Alfaro set out to gather testimony from Indigenous women and Two-Spirit individuals.

Andrea Román Alfaro (supplied image)

Their findings are discussed in an article titled “Building the Settler Colonial Order: Police (In)Actions in Response to Violence Against Indigenous Women in ‘Canada,'” which was published in the journal Gender & Society.

While several studies have sought to identify why Indigenous Peoples continue to disappear, few have looked at the role of police in violence against Indigenous women, girls and 2SLGBTQ+ people, says Román Alfaro, a sixth-year PhD candidate in sociology.

“The problem of Indigenous women being overpoliced and underprotected is all across Canada,” she says, citing a 2004 Amnesty International report.

For their article, Flores – Román Alfaro’s PhD supervisor and a volunteer with several of Toronto’s Indigenous-led organizations – conducted close to 50 face-to-face interviews.

When COVID-19 restrictions blocked their ability to do more in-person work, Román Alfaro suggested including the 219 personal statements from the National Inquiry into Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women and Girls to expand their sample of respondents.

“The testimony of the women at the inquiry allowed us to see that in their stories, the narratives are all very similar,” Román Alfaro says. “Then we went looking for what is happening in society that lets this happen.”

Román Alfaro helped code the respondents’ stories to identify common themes. The team soon identified police indifference as a major thread, with 209 of 219 testimonies referring to negative interactions with police in the management of their missing person cases.

The article highlights two major styles of behaviour that the woman said police employed: justifying violence and dismissing violence.

The research found that Canadian police repeatedly use negative labels such as “runaways” along with slurs when responding to reported cases of violence against Indigenous women and girls.

“There’s nothing we can do,” or “it’s inevitable,” people report hearing from police when trying to report an Indigenous woman missing, the article says.

A participant in the 2022 annual Red Dress Day march in Edmonton holds up a sign (photo by Artur Widak/NurPhoto via Getty Images)

The testimonies include complaints that loved ones were provided little or no information on their cases and that police gave up quickly in the search for bodies or culprits. In some cases, police suggested a missing person’s report should be done no earlier than two or three months after a disappearance.

Respondents also noted indifferent attitudes, stereotyping and the blaming of poverty, mental health issues and lifestyle choices. Respondents said these responses instilled in them doubt, shame and fear of the police.

Born in Peru, Román Alfaro wasn’t aware of the Indigenous experience in Canada when she was growing up, but says the themes are familiar.

“I had done a lot of work around violence and victims of violence, marginalized groups, state violence and low-income women in Peru – so I came in with that knowledge,” she says. “I didn’t grow up knowing about Indigenous life on Turtle Island, but this situation, of a culture of women being disappeared and murdered, was not foreign to me.”

Flores is now writing a book using the data, which he hopes to publish by the end of the year. Román Alfaro, whose own field of research includes how people respond to and resist violence, says she also wants to delve further into the findings.

“I would like to do more work on how a community heals from this violence,” she says. “Red Dress Day, Orange T-shirt Day – these are ways to keep people remembering this issue and those people who exist in these communities, and how they can reconcile with such a tragedy.”

Román Alfaro says she would like to talk to police about their perceptions of interactions with Indigenous Peoples and find out whether efforts are being made to improve relations.

“The families and friends (of the missing and murdered women) want information, they want to know something is being done, to be involved in the process or to know someone is looking for their loved ones,” Román Alfaro says. “That’s one very big gap in all this: how to deal with the families. They want to know what happened – they need to know what happened.”

Flores and Román Alfaro believe their article’s findings have important implications for future research and policy.

While the Calls for Justice of the National Inquiry into Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women and Girls include demands for decolonial education and training for officers, Román Alfaro says their research has identified a need to look for alternatives to the police for state-provided victim support.

“There is still a lot of work to do from the Truth and Reconciliation recommendations,” Román Alfaro says.

“It’s a long way from saying what the problem is, to doing something about it.”

While researching violence in Peru, U of T PhD candidate helps a community find joy

Christopher.Sorensen — Tue, 28 Feb 2023 21:33:10 +0000

While researching violence in Peru, U of T PhD candidate helps a community find joy

Christopher.Sorensen Tue, 02/28/2023 - 16:33

Cutline

U of T PhD candidate Andrea Román Alfaro is researching the dynamics and politics of violence in her hometown Callao, Peru while taking steps to set up an innovative arts program for local youth (photo courtesy of Andrea Román Alfaro)

Cynthia Macdonald

Topic

Global Lens

Global

Graduate Students